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ANKASecure Streaming Resign Micro-Benchmark

Overview

This document describes the methodology, scope, and results of the SecureCore Streaming Resign Micro-Benchmark, a performance test suite designed to evaluate the cryptographic efficiency of signature resigning operations in streaming mode within the AnkaaSecurity system.

This benchmark systematically measures resigning performance for symmetric (MAC-based) and asymmetric algorithms—both classical and post-quantum (PQC)—across multiple large payload sizes using streaming I/O. The resign operation validates an existing JWS Detached signature and generates a new signature using a different key, providing empirical evidence of the platform's efficiency in signature rotation workflows for large files.

Objectives

The goals of this benchmark are to:

  • Validate the efficiency and scalability of SecureCore's streaming resign operations for large file key rotation.

  • Compare classical and post-quantum algorithm performance in streaming resign scenarios.

  • Generate quantitative metrics for memory-efficient signature rotation of large files.

  • Provide externally auditable evidence of SecureCore's enterprise-grade streaming resign performance.

Scope

  • Algorithms Tested: All algorithms that support sign/verify (or MAC generate/validate) operations in streaming mode, including symmetric MACs (HMAC with SHA-2/SHA-3/SM3/Streebog, KMAC, CMAC-AES), classical asymmetric signatures (RSA, EC/P-curves, OKP/EdDSA, SM2, GOST) and PQC signature schemes (ML-DSA, FALCON, SLH-DSA, XMSS, LMS).

  • Serialization Format: Signatures/MACs are produced and verified using JWS Detached Signature format with streaming I/O.

  • Payload Sizes: 4 input sizes from 5 MiB to 100 MiB:

    • 5 MiB, 10 MiB, 50 MiB, 100 MiB.

  • Iteration Strategy:

    • Warm-up iterations: 5 (configurable via sc.perf.warmup)
    • Measurement iterations: 10 (configurable via sc.perf.measurements)

Algorithm Taxonomy

Symmetric / MAC-based (classical):

  • HMAC-SHA256, HMAC-SHA384, HMAC-SHA512
  • HMAC-SHA3-256, HMAC-SHA3-384, HMAC-SHA3-512
  • HMAC-SM3 (Chinese standard)
  • HMAC-Streebog-256, HMAC-Streebog-512 (Russian standard)
  • KMAC128, KMAC256
  • CMAC-AES-128, CMAC-AES-192, CMAC-AES-256

Asymmetric – Classical:

  • RSA-2048, RSA-3072, RSA-4096, RSA-6144, RSA-8192
  • EC: P-256, P-384, P-521 (NIST curves)
  • OKP: Ed25519, Ed448 (Edwards-curve Digital Signature Algorithm)
  • SM2 (Chinese elliptic curve signature)
  • GOST-R34.10-2012-256 (Russian elliptic curve signature)

Asymmetric – Post-Quantum (PQC):

  • ML-DSA-44, ML-DSA-65, ML-DSA-87
  • FALCON-512, FALCON-1024
  • SLH-DSA-SHA2-128F, SLH-DSA-SHA2-128S
  • SLH-DSA-SHA2-192F, SLH-DSA-SHA2-192S
  • SLH-DSA-SHA2-256F, SLH-DSA-SHA2-256S
  • XMSS, LMS

Metrics Collected

For each combination of (algorithm, payload size), the following metrics are measured for streaming resigning:

Metric Description Units
Wall-clock Time Real elapsed time for the streaming resign operation Milliseconds
Thread-level CPU Time CPU time consumed by the current thread Milliseconds
Heap Delta Increase in used heap memory during execution Kibibytes

Each metric is calculated as the median across the measurement iterations to reduce the influence of transient spikes or system noise.

Execution Notes

  • The streaming resign operation consists of two phases:

    1. Streaming Verification: Parse and validate the existing JWS Detached signature using streaming I/O
    2. Streaming Re-signing: Generate a new JWS Detached signature with a different key using streaming I/O

  • Payloads are processed using streaming I/O (InputStream → resignDataStreamJws) to maintain constant memory footprint

  • The benchmark is implemented using JUnit 5 with @ParameterizedTest

  • All runs are sequential to avoid interference from thread scheduling (enforced via @Execution(SAME_THREAD))

  • Thread CPU-time measurement is required; the test is skipped if unavailable on the system

  • A deterministic RNG (fixed seed) ensures repeatability

  • Results are exported as a CSV file: benchmark_stream_resign_20260118_192107.csv

Streaming overhead notes: Streaming operations process data incrementally without loading entire payloads into memory, providing constant memory footprint regardless of file size. The reported heap delta reflects this memory-efficient design.

Scope of the heap delta. The figure above is a heap measurement and says nothing about disk. The disk-free property — no uploaded part written to a temporary file — is measured separately (512 MiB through -Xmx256m, zero temporary files observed in flight); see Memory & Performance*.

Output Format

Each result row captures the full measurement for a specific (algorithm, payload size) pair:

KTY | ALG             |     BYTES | RESIGN | CPU-R | MEM-R
RSA | RSA-2048        | 5.242.880 |    66  |   62  |   0

Where:

  • KTY: Key type (e.g., EC, RSA, SLH-DSA, etc.)
  • ALG: Specific algorithm variant
  • BYTES: Payload size in bytes
  • RESIGN: Median wall-clock time for streaming resigning
  • CPU-R: CPU time for streaming resign
  • MEM-R: Heap delta for streaming resign

At the end of execution, a summary is printed with totals, skipped tests, and the full path to the CSV file generated.

Complete Results

KTY     | ALG                  |       BYTES |   RESIGN |    CPU-R |   MEM-R
--------+----------------------+-------------+---------+----------+--------
oct     | CMAC-AES-128         |   5.242.880 |      103 |       93 |       0
oct     | CMAC-AES-128         |  10.485.760 |      177 |      163 |       0
oct     | CMAC-AES-128         |  52.428.800 |      807 |      796 |  40.960
oct     | CMAC-AES-128         | 104.857.600 |     1149 |     1124 |  90.112
oct     | CMAC-AES-192         |   5.242.880 |      111 |      101 |       0
oct     | CMAC-AES-192         |  10.485.760 |      163 |      148 |   8.192
oct     | CMAC-AES-192         |  52.428.800 |      774 |      757 |  40.960
oct     | CMAC-AES-192         | 104.857.600 |     1468 |     1429 |  98.304
oct     | CMAC-AES-256         |   5.242.880 |      106 |       93 |       0
oct     | CMAC-AES-256         |  10.485.760 |      237 |      234 |   8.192
oct     | CMAC-AES-256         |  52.428.800 |      934 |      905 |  40.960
oct     | CMAC-AES-256         | 104.857.600 |     1540 |     1476 |  49.964
OKP     | Ed25519              |   5.242.880 |      170 |      148 |  55.370
OKP     | Ed25519              |  10.485.760 |      362 |      351 | 104.522
OKP     | Ed25519              |  52.428.800 |     1331 |     1288 | 333.906
OKP     | Ed25519              | 104.857.600 |     2283 |     2234 | 612.442
OKP     | Ed448                |   5.242.880 |      118 |      109 |  55.368
OKP     | Ed448                |  10.485.760 |      193 |      195 | 104.521
OKP     | Ed448                |  52.428.800 |     1017 |     1007 | 333.903
OKP     | Ed448                | 104.857.600 |     2050 |     1992 | 612.439
GOST-EC | GOST-R34.10-2012-256 |   5.242.880 |      589 |      593 |   8.192
GOST-EC | GOST-R34.10-2012-256 |  10.485.760 |      853 |      851 |   8.192
GOST-EC | GOST-R34.10-2012-256 |  52.428.800 |     3948 |     3937 |   8.192
GOST-EC | GOST-R34.10-2012-256 | 104.857.600 |     9181 |     9093 |   8.192
oct     | HMAC-SHA256          |   5.242.880 |       26 |       31 |       0
oct     | HMAC-SHA256          |  10.485.760 |       33 |       31 |   8.192
oct     | HMAC-SHA256          |  52.428.800 |       89 |       85 |  40.960
oct     | HMAC-SHA256          | 104.857.600 |      151 |      140 |  98.304
oct     | HMAC-SHA3-256        |   5.242.880 |       53 |       46 |       0
oct     | HMAC-SHA3-256        |  10.485.760 |       86 |       78 |       0
oct     | HMAC-SHA3-256        |  52.428.800 |      372 |      359 |  49.152
oct     | HMAC-SHA3-256        | 104.857.600 |      754 |      726 |  98.304
oct     | HMAC-SHA3-384        |   5.242.880 |      116 |       93 |       0
oct     | HMAC-SHA3-384        |  10.485.760 |      131 |      125 |       0
oct     | HMAC-SHA3-384        |  52.428.800 |      403 |      406 |  49.152
oct     | HMAC-SHA3-384        | 104.857.600 |      799 |      765 |  98.304
oct     | HMAC-SHA3-512        |   5.242.880 |       75 |       70 |       0
oct     | HMAC-SHA3-512        |  10.485.760 |      160 |      156 |   8.192
oct     | HMAC-SHA3-512        |  52.428.800 |      607 |      609 |  40.960
oct     | HMAC-SHA3-512        | 104.857.600 |     1097 |     1070 |  98.304
oct     | HMAC-SHA384          |   5.242.880 |       28 |       15 |       0
oct     | HMAC-SHA384          |  10.485.760 |       50 |       46 |       0
oct     | HMAC-SHA384          |  52.428.800 |      231 |      226 |  49.152
oct     | HMAC-SHA384          | 104.857.600 |      405 |      398 |  98.304
oct     | HMAC-SHA512          |   5.242.880 |       28 |       23 |       0
oct     | HMAC-SHA512          |  10.485.760 |       45 |       31 |   8.192
oct     | HMAC-SHA512          |  52.428.800 |      237 |      234 |  49.152
oct     | HMAC-SHA512          | 104.857.600 |      406 |      398 |  98.304
oct     | HMAC-SM3             |   5.242.880 |       78 |       78 |       0
oct     | HMAC-SM3             |  10.485.760 |      124 |      109 |   8.192
oct     | HMAC-SM3             |  52.428.800 |      638 |      601 |  40.960
oct     | HMAC-SM3             | 104.857.600 |     1200 |     1148 |  98.304
oct     | HMAC-Streebog-256    |   5.242.880 |      347 |      335 |       0
oct     | HMAC-Streebog-256    |  10.485.760 |      730 |      702 |   8.192
oct     | HMAC-Streebog-256    |  52.428.800 |     2921 |     2835 |  40.960
oct     | HMAC-Streebog-256    | 104.857.600 |     4937 |     4812 |     920
oct     | HMAC-Streebog-512    |   5.242.880 |      283 |      257 |       0
oct     | HMAC-Streebog-512    |  10.485.760 |      597 |      562 |   8.192
oct     | HMAC-Streebog-512    |  52.428.800 |     2667 |     2608 |  40.960
oct     | HMAC-Streebog-512    | 104.857.600 |     5099 |     4929 |     503
oct     | KMAC128              |   5.242.880 |       44 |       31 |       0
oct     | KMAC128              |  10.485.760 |       75 |       70 |   8.192
oct     | KMAC128              |  52.428.800 |      350 |      328 |  40.960
oct     | KMAC128              | 104.857.600 |      663 |      655 |  90.112
oct     | KMAC256              |   5.242.880 |       50 |       46 |       0
oct     | KMAC256              |  10.485.760 |       79 |       78 |       0
oct     | KMAC256              |  52.428.800 |      374 |      328 |  40.960
oct     | KMAC256              | 104.857.600 |      800 |      773 |  98.304
LMS     | LMS                  |   5.242.880 |      278 |      265 |  37.145
LMS     | LMS                  |  10.485.760 |      330 |      328 |  69.909
LMS     | LMS                  |  52.428.800 |      767 |      765 | 225.562
LMS     | LMS                  | 104.857.600 |     1388 |     1359 | 413.975
EC      | P-256                |   5.242.880 |       66 |       62 |       0
EC      | P-256                |  10.485.760 |      131 |      125 |       0
EC      | P-256                |  52.428.800 |      562 |      562 |       0
EC      | P-256                | 104.857.600 |     1091 |     1085 |       0
EC      | P-384                |   5.242.880 |       48 |       46 |       0
EC      | P-384                |  10.485.760 |       90 |       93 |       0
EC      | P-384                |  52.428.800 |      388 |      375 |       0
EC      | P-384                | 104.857.600 |      778 |      765 |       0
EC      | P-521                |   5.242.880 |       46 |       46 |       0
EC      | P-521                |  10.485.760 |       81 |       78 |       0
EC      | P-521                |  52.428.800 |      400 |      390 |       0
EC      | P-521                | 104.857.600 |      767 |      750 |       0
RSA     | RSA-2048             |   5.242.880 |       66 |       62 |       0
RSA     | RSA-2048             |  10.485.760 |      111 |      109 |       0
RSA     | RSA-2048             |  52.428.800 |      492 |      484 |       0
RSA     | RSA-2048             | 104.857.600 |     1044 |     1023 |       0
RSA     | RSA-3072             |   5.242.880 |       70 |       62 |       0
RSA     | RSA-3072             |  10.485.760 |      124 |      125 |       0
RSA     | RSA-3072             |  52.428.800 |      532 |      523 |       0
RSA     | RSA-3072             | 104.857.600 |     2085 |     2085 |       0
RSA     | RSA-4096             |   5.242.880 |      136 |      140 |       0
RSA     | RSA-4096             |  10.485.760 |      262 |      250 |       0
RSA     | RSA-4096             |  52.428.800 |     1028 |     1015 |       0
RSA     | RSA-4096             | 104.857.600 |     2114 |     2077 |       0
RSA     | RSA-6144             |   5.242.880 |      177 |      179 |       0
RSA     | RSA-6144             |  10.485.760 |      266 |      257 |       0
RSA     | RSA-6144             |  52.428.800 |     1072 |     1054 |       0
RSA     | RSA-6144             | 104.857.600 |     1823 |     1773 |       0
RSA     | RSA-8192             |   5.242.880 |      287 |      281 |       0
RSA     | RSA-8192             |  10.485.760 |      374 |      374 |       0
RSA     | RSA-8192             |  52.428.800 |     1154 |     1155 |       0
RSA     | RSA-8192             | 104.857.600 |     1973 |     1976 |       0
SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA-SHA2-128F    |   5.242.880 |      167 |      156 |  79.987
SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA-SHA2-128F    |  10.485.760 |      245 |      234 | 145.523
SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA-SHA2-128F    |  52.428.800 |      971 |      968 | 456.827
SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA-SHA2-128F    | 104.857.600 |     1671 |     1640 | 833.657
SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA-SHA2-128S    |   5.242.880 |     1173 |     1148 | 213.000
SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA-SHA2-128S    |  10.485.760 |     1293 |     1273 | 143.385
SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA-SHA2-128S    |  52.428.800 |     2018 |     2007 | 286.752
SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA-SHA2-128S    | 104.857.600 |     2969 |     2929 | 356.393
SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA-SHA2-192F    |   5.242.880 |      165 |      163 |  80.009
SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA-SHA2-192F    |  10.485.760 |      238 |      218 | 153.739
SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA-SHA2-192F    |  52.428.800 |      743 |      726 | 465.038
SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA-SHA2-192F    | 104.857.600 |     1394 |     1382 | 841.875
SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA-SHA2-192S    |   5.242.880 |     1777 |     1757 | 114.729
SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA-SHA2-192S    |  10.485.760 |     1735 |     1703 | 147.508
SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA-SHA2-192S    |  52.428.800 |     2036 |     2000 | 192.569
SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA-SHA2-192S    | 104.857.600 |     2919 |     2867 | 512.042
SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA-SHA2-256F    |   5.242.880 |      231 |      218 | 104.732
SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA-SHA2-256F    |  10.485.760 |      316 |      312 | 170.270
SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA-SHA2-256F    |  52.428.800 |      804 |      796 | 481.571
SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA-SHA2-256F    | 104.857.600 |     1424 |     1406 | 858.406
SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA-SHA2-256S    |   5.242.880 |     1444 |     1413 |  73.781
SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA-SHA2-256S    |  10.485.760 |     1618 |     1601 | 127.023
SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA-SHA2-256S    |  52.428.800 |     2066 |     2046 |  94.270
SLH-DSA | SLH-DSA-SHA2-256S    | 104.857.600 |     2709 |     2679 | 389.160
SM2     | SM2                  |   5.242.880 |      130 |      125 |   8.192
SM2     | SM2                  |  10.485.760 |      202 |      203 |   8.192
SM2     | SM2                  |  52.428.800 |     1028 |     1030 |   8.192
SM2     | SM2                  | 104.857.600 |     1705 |     1695 |   8.192
XMSS    | XMSS                 |   5.242.880 |       74 |       70 |  71.772
XMSS    | XMSS                 |  10.485.760 |      124 |      125 | 137.307
XMSS    | XMSS                 |  52.428.800 |      505 |      484 | 448.609
XMSS    | XMSS                 | 104.857.600 |      903 |      882 | 825.442
FALCON  | FALCON-1024          |   5.242.880 |       53 |       46 |  71.766
FALCON  | FALCON-1024          |  10.485.760 |       90 |       93 | 137.304
FALCON  | FALCON-1024          |  52.428.800 |      413 |      398 | 448.605
FALCON  | FALCON-1024          | 104.857.600 |      778 |      773 | 825.443
FALCON  | FALCON-512           |   5.242.880 |       48 |       46 |  71.761
FALCON  | FALCON-512           |  10.485.760 |       93 |       93 | 137.299
FALCON  | FALCON-512           |  52.428.800 |      438 |      421 | 448.600
FALCON  | FALCON-512           | 104.857.600 |      760 |      750 | 825.434
ML-DSA  | ML-DSA-44            |   5.242.880 |       45 |       46 |       0
ML-DSA  | ML-DSA-44            |  10.485.760 |       66 |       62 |       0
ML-DSA  | ML-DSA-44            |  52.428.800 |      281 |      281 |       0
ML-DSA  | ML-DSA-44            | 104.857.600 |      546 |      546 |       0
ML-DSA  | ML-DSA-65            |   5.242.880 |       40 |       31 |       0
ML-DSA  | ML-DSA-65            |  10.485.760 |       68 |       62 |       0
ML-DSA  | ML-DSA-65            |  52.428.800 |      282 |      281 |       0
ML-DSA  | ML-DSA-65            | 104.857.600 |      597 |      593 |       0
ML-DSA  | ML-DSA-87            |   5.242.880 |       43 |       46 |       0
ML-DSA  | ML-DSA-87            |  10.485.760 |       71 |       78 |       0
ML-DSA  | ML-DSA-87            |  52.428.800 |      298 |      296 |       0
ML-DSA  | ML-DSA-87            | 104.857.600 |      891 |      882 |       0
--------+----------------------+-------------+---------+----------+--------

Total algorithms: 39
Total measurements: 156 Total bytes: 6,747,586,560 (~6.7 GB)
Total resign: 123,201 ms

Performance Observations

Based on benchmark results with default settings (5 warm-up, 10 measurement iterations):

✅ Memory-Efficient Streaming Resign

Streaming resign operations demonstrate excellent memory efficiency for large files:

  • Symmetric MACs: Minimal heap delta (typically <100 KiB even for 100 MiB payloads)
  • Classical EC/RSA: Zero or minimal heap delta across all payload sizes
  • PQC algorithms: Moderate heap delta proportional to algorithm complexity (ML-DSA: 0 KiB, FALCON/XMSS: ~825 KiB for 100 MiB)

🔍 Algorithm Characteristics

Fastest streaming resign:

  • ML-DSA-44: ~40-546ms (5-100 MiB payloads)
  • ML-DSA-65: ~40-597ms (5-100 MiB payloads)
  • ML-DSA-87: ~43-891ms (5-100 MiB payloads)
  • HMAC-SHA256: ~26-151ms (5-100 MiB payloads)

Slowest streaming resign:

  • HMAC-Streebog-256: ~347-4937ms (5-100 MiB payloads)
  • SLH-DSA-SHA2-256S: ~1444-2709ms (5-100 MiB payloads)
  • SLH-DSA-SHA2-192S: ~1735-2919ms (5-100 MiB payloads)

📊 Scalability

  • Linear scaling with payload size (dominated by streaming I/O and incremental hashing)
  • Memory efficiency: Heap deltas remain constant or scale sub-linearly with payload size
  • Optimal for large files: Streaming resign maintains acceptable performance for 100+ MiB payloads

🚀 Production Readiness

Streaming resign operations are production-ready for large file key rotation:

  • Key rotation: Acceptable latency for rotating signatures on large documents
  • Certificate renewal: Suitable for re-signing large file certificates
  • Archive management: Efficient signature rotation for archived data
  • Compliance: Supports signature renewal for long-term document preservation

Comparison to Compact Mode Resign

Operation Compact Mode (Ed25519, 1 MiB) Streaming Mode (Ed25519, 5 MiB) Performance
Resign ~57ms ~170ms ~3× larger payload, ~3× time (linear)
Memory 40.960 KiB 55.370 KiB ~35% more (manageable)

Key insight: Streaming mode maintains memory efficiency while scaling to much larger payloads.

Test Execution

Running the Benchmark

Default settings (5 warm-up, 10 measurement iterations):

cd ankasecure-core-api
mvn test -Dtest=SCPerformanceEnhancedStreamResignTest

Custom iteration counts:

mvn test -Dtest=SCPerformanceEnhancedStreamResignTest \
  -Dsc.perf.warmup=10 \
  -Dsc.perf.measurements=20

Expected runtime: ~20-30 minutes with default settings

Output Location

CSV file exported to:

/tmp/sc_bench_<random>/benchmark_stream_resign_YYYYMMDD_HHMMSS.csv

Console output shows ASCII table with all measurements sorted by (KTY, ALG, BYTES).

CSV Data Format

The exported CSV file contains the following columns:

KTY,ALG,BYTES,RESIGN_MS,CPU_RESIGN_MS,RESIGN_MEM_KIB
oct,CMAC-AES-128,5242880,103,93,0
oct,CMAC-AES-128,10485760,177,163,0
...

Use cases:

  • Import into spreadsheet tools (Excel, Google Sheets) for analysis
  • Generate charts and visualizations
  • Statistical analysis (percentiles, distributions)
  • Regression testing (compare across versions)

Conclusion

This benchmark provides strong, reproducible evidence that SecureCore's streaming resign operations:

  • Efficiently support large file key rotation with minimal memory footprint across a wide variety of modern cryptographic algorithms, including post-quantum signatures.

  • Perform reliably and predictably across payload sizes from 5 MiB to 100 MiB, with linear performance scaling.

  • Offer memory-efficient streaming critical for key rotation in cloud, enterprise, and archival environments.

  • Demonstrate that PQC algorithms (especially ML-DSA) are production-ready for streaming resign workloads with performance comparable to classical alternatives.

These results demonstrate SecureCore's readiness for enterprise deployment of streaming signature rotation operations, regulatory compliance, and future-proof cryptographic agility for large-scale key management scenarios.

Changelog

Date Change Author
2026-01-18 Created streaming resign performance benchmark documentation ANKASecure Performance Team
2026-01-18 Validated 156 measurements across 39 algorithms ANKASecure Performance Team
* restricted content — see higher-tier documentation